By Robert Windrem, NBC News investigative producer

Western intelligence agencies believe there is a "treasure trove" of material in Libyan intelligence archives, and they may have already prepared to exploit it once Moammar Gadhafi's regime finally falls.

Current and former U.S. intelligence officials point to the possibilities of what could be found in the files, among them:

• The intelligence service's (and Gadhafi's own) role in the 1988 bombing of PanAm 103 and UTA 772 months later, which killed 430 people in the air and on the ground, as well as their role in the 1986 LaBelle Disco bombing in Berlin, which killed two U.S. soldiers and wounded 79 others.

• Support for various terrorist groups, including Palestinian groups, the Irish Republican Army, the El Rukns street gang in Chicago and individual terrorists like Carlos the Jackal and Abu Nidal.

• A purported 1981 assassination plot against U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

• Gadhafi's financial support for the Pakistani nuclear weapons program in the 1980s and the relationship between Libya and Pakistani nuclear scientist A.Q. Khan a decade later, as well as Western countries that supported Gadhafi's chemical and biological weapons programs.

Obama promises to support Libyan transition

There may also be materials on U.S. intelligence operations against al-Qaida, which began under President George W. Bush after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. A steady stream of U.S. intelligence and law enforcement officials visited Libya over the last decade as relations between the two countries got better.  

U.S. officials say Gadhafi has one major intelligence service but that there are also "security elements around him" who carry out intelligence and security operations and whose files Western intelligence agencies would also like to exploit.

One former official suspects there may already be planning for that exploitation. He noted that Musa Kusa, the former head of Libyan intelligence and one of Gadhafi's most loyal aides, had defected. 

Mike Redwood / AP

Warren Weinstein in England in 2009.

A senior international development official in Pakistan who worked with kidnapped U.S. contractor Warren Weinstein over the last two years tells NBC News that Weinstein was "popular" and "well-known," particularly in bureaucratic and political circles in-country, and had earned a reputation for making efforts to respect and adhere to local practices, making his disappearance all the more difficult to understand.

Weinstein, 70, had been in Pakistan for more than five years doing development work when gunmen reportedly forced their way into his Lahore home and kidnapped him before dawn Saturday. The FBI and Pakistani authorities are investigating, and Weinstein's security guards and driver have been questioned, but so far there are no leads and no ransom demands, and no group has claimed responsibility. This week, police released a sketch of a possible suspect. 

The development official, who asked not to be identified because he is not authorized to speak on the matter, said Weinstein went above and beyond the efforts typically made by contractors in Pakistan — most of whom, he said, stay briefly, focus on the project at hand and leave when the work is completed. 

Weinstein, he said, adopted local practices and customs as much as possible, often wearing the traditional Pakistani shalwar kameez: loose-fitting pants and a long tunic top. He made an effort to learn Urdu and used a number of words in his everyday language. Weinstein also diligently worked to maintain contact with his network on the ground, sending out messages and greetings for religious and cultural occasions.

"That made him very popular with a lot of people here," said the official. 

Weinstein also built a wide circle of friends and contacts in Pakistan, using what the official called his "appetite for social networking."

Weinstein's primary responsibility in Pakistan was to serve as the country director for J.E. Austin Associates, a U.S.-based development consulting firm. But according to this official, Weinstein got more work through his extensive network and had a penchant for working his way onto contracts and into meetings that did not necessarily fall within his area of expertise, which included a focus on the agricultural sector.

"You'd walk into a meeting on industry or anything else — and Warren would be sitting there," said the official. "We'd laugh and say, 'How did you get on this one, Warren?!?'"

One such project included a Punjab government contract for private-sector development work, funded by the U.K.'s  Department for International Development. Weinstein had been requested by an official within the Punjab government for the project, which required developing a strategy for private-sector development and reorganizing provincial government departments to support that work. 

"I did advise [Weinstein] to join hands with an economist on this project, since it wasn't his expertise," said the official. "He laughed and said, 'Do you think economists are going to do anything good for your country?' He does have a  good sense of humor."

Despite working outside his comfort zone, the official said, Weinstein always had "a huge amount of energy and excitement" and was always "pleasant," "professional" and "incredibly personable." 

A year and a half ago, Weinstein confided in this official that he had a serious heart condition and was being treated in Pakistan.

"He had become extremely careful in his eating habits," said this official. "I asked him why he didn't just go back to the U.S. for treatment, but he said he trusted the doctors in Lahore."

By Pete Williams, NBC News justice correspondent

An e-mail address launched police in Sydney, Australia, on a hunt for clues that ended Monday in a suburb of Louisville, Kentucky, where the FBI arrested a man accused of placing a fake bomb around the neck of an Australian teenager studying for a school exam, according to newly released court documents.

Paul Douglas Peters, 50, of Sydney appeared in a Kentucky federal courtroom Tuesday to face charges in connection with the terrifying ordeal of 18-year-old Madeleine Pulver. She waited 10 hours for police to remove what she was told was a bomb -- chained to her neck by an intruder who broke into her family's house Aug. 3 in a wealthy suburb of Sydney.

Australian police say the young woman was studying in her bedroom when a man wearing a mask walked into her room carrying a baseball bat. He forced a black box against her throat and locked it to her neck with a chain, telling her not to move, they say.

Attached to the chain was a note whose contents police revealed Tuesday. "Powerful new technology plastic explosives are located inside the small black combination case delivered to you. The case is booby trapped. It can ONLY be opened safely, if you follow the instructions and comply with its terms and conditions," it said.

She telephoned her parents, who notified police. After X-raying the box several times and conducting other tests, bomb technicians determined it was harmless and removed it.

Australian police describe the bizarre incident as an attempt to extort money from the girl's father, an executive of an Internet firm.

"Paul Douglas Peters was formerly employed by a company with which the victim's family has links," the police said.

Court documents give the following account of what led police to arrest Peters at the home of his ex-wife in a Lexington suburb, 9,300 miles from Sydney.

The note attached to the fake bomb contained an e-mail address that Australian investigators discovered had been accessed from a public library a few hours after the hoax device was attached to the girl's neck. Surveillance video showed that a man matching a description given by the victim drove to the library in a Range Rover SUV. Its license number was not visible in the video, but police determined the vehicle was made between 1996 and 2001.

Rob Griffith / AP

Belinda Pulver looks at her husband, William, as he makes a statement regarding the arrest of a 50-year-old man, in Sydney, Australia, on Tuesday.

Investigators then checked the records for all Range Rovers registered in the area that were made during those model years and obtained drivers license photos associated with the vehicles. They compared the pictures to the images of the man captured by the library surveillance cameras.

"From these inquiries, the police located Paul Douglas Peters," the court documents said. Investigators also determined that the e-mail address was created at the Chicago airport on May 30. Travel records showed that Peters was at the airport that day, Australian police said.

After discovering that Peters left Sydney five days after the hoax incident, Australian police notified the FBI that he flew to Chicago then on to Louisville. Federal officials say he was arrested there Monday without incident at the home of his ex-wife. She was not thought to be involved in the crime, investigators said.

"He does have family connections" in the United States, according to Luke Moore, an Australian police official who was in Kentucky for the arrest.

"We believe he's been employed in a number of areas and in a number of countries around the world," Moore said.

The court documents also gave new details of the young woman's terrifying experience. After chaining the box to her neck, the man said, "Count to 200. I'll be back. If you move, I can see you. I'll be right here."

"Extremely frightened," the documents say, she "sat there for a short time thinking that the man was stealing property from the house. After a few minutes, she yelled out but got no response."

She then sent a text message to her mother and later telephoned her father, asking them both to summon the police.

The young woman was initially "crying and hysterical, but after a time, she became more reasonable and settled and gave the police the note," the court documents said.

Investigators also disclosed the e-mail address contained in the note : dirkstraun1840@gmail.com. Dirk Straun is the name of a character in a novel by James Clavell, "Tai-Pan," about a businessman's attempt to destroy a competitor during the 1840s.

Reuters / Tim Wimborne

A policeman wearing protective equipment walks near a house where bomb squad officers freed an 18-year-old girl from a fake bomb chained to her neck in the exclusive Sydney suburb of Mosman on Aug 3.

By Robert Windrem
NBC News Investigative Producer for Special Projects 

As U.S.-Pakistani relations spiral downward, the specter of a showdown between the increasingly antagonistic allies is garnering more attention, including the worst-case scenario of the U.S. attempting to “snatch” Pakistan’s 100-plus nuclear weapons if it feared they were about to fall into the wrong hands.

That would be a disastrous miscalculation, former Pakistani President and army chief Pervez Musharraf told NBC News, saying that such an incursion would lead to “total confrontation” between the United States and Pakistan.

Ispr / EPA

A Medium Range Ballistic Missile Hatf V (Ghauri) missile takes off during a test fire from an undisclosed location in Pakistan on Dec. 21 in this photo distributed by the Pakistani military. The liquid-fuel missile can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads and has a range of more than 800 miles.

Privately, current and former U.S. officials say that ensuring the security of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons has long been a high national security priority, even before the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, and that plans have been drawn up for dealing with worst-case scenarios in Pakistan.

The greatest success of the U.S. war on terrorism – the military operation that killed Osama bin Laden in his safehouse in Pakistan in May – has fueled the concerns about Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, increasing suspicions among U.S. officials that he had  support within the ISI, Pakistan’s intelligence service, and emboldening those in Washington who believe an orchestrated campaign of lightning raids to secure Pakistan’s nukes could succeed.

It’s no secret that the United States has a plan to try to grab Pakistan’s nuclear weapons -- if and when the president believes they are a threat to either the U.S. or U.S. interests. Among the scenarios seen as most likely: Pakistan plunging into internal chaos, terrorists mounting a serious attack against a nuclear facility, hostilities breaking out with India or Islamic extremists taking charge of the government or the Pakistan army.

In the aftermath of the bin Laden raid, U.S. military officials have testified before Congress about the security of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and the threat posed by “loose nukes” – nuclear weapons or materials outside the government’s control. And earlier Pentagon reports also outline scenarios in which U.S. forces would intervene to secure nuclear weapons that were in danger of falling into the wrong hands.

But out of fear of further antagonizing an important ally, officials have simultaneously tried to tone down the rhetoric by stressing progress made by Islamabad on the security front.

Such discussions of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, now believed to consist of as many as 115 nuclear bombs and missile warheads, have gotten the attention of current and former Pakistani officials. In an interview with NBC News early this month, Musharraf warned that a snatch-and-grab operation would lead to all-out war between the countries, calling it “total confrontation by the whole nation against whoever comes in.”

Michael Thomas / AP

Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf met with Texas Gov. Rick Perry on July 12 in Austin to exchange ideas about improving the economy and discuss the strained relationship between the U.S. and Pakistani governments. Musharraf has been critical of the White House's recent suspension of $800 million in U.S. aid to the Pakistani military, saying the decreased aid will hurt his country and hinder its fight against terrorism.

“These are assets which are the pride of Pakistan, assets which are dispersed and very secure in very secure places, guarded by a corps of 18,000 soldiers,” said a combative Musharraf, who led Pakistan for nearly a decade and is again running for president. “… (This) is not an army which doesn't know how to fight.  This is an army which has fought three wars.  Please understand that.”

Pervez Hoodboy, Pakistan’s best known nuclear physicist and a human rights advocate, rarely agrees with the former president. But he, too, says a U.S. attempt to take control of Pakistan’s nukes would be foolhardy. 

“They are said to be hidden in tunnels under mountains, in cities, as well as regular air force and army bases,” he said. “A U.S. snatch operation could trigger war; it should never be attempted.”

Despite such comments, interviews with current and former U.S. officials, military reports and even congressional testimony indicate that Pakistan’s weaponry has been the subject of continuing discussions, scenarios, war games and possibly even military exercises by U.S. intelligence and special operations forces regarding so-called “snatch-and-grab” operations.

“It’s safe to assume that planning for the worst-case scenario regarding Pakistan nukes has ready taken place inside the U.S. government,” said Roger Cressey, former deputy director of counterterrorism in the Clinton and Bush White House and an NBC News consultant. “This issue remains one of the highest priorities of the U.S. intelligence community ... and the White House.” 

Carefully worded assurances
Mindful of the growing distrust and suspicions between Washington and Islamabad, U.S. officials have publicly tried to defuse concerns that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal could be compromised. Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told Congress two weeks ago that Pakistan’s atomic arsenal has become “physically more secure” and the U.S. has seen “training improve” for personnel charged with securing the weapons. 

But does “more secure” and “improved” training mean the Pakistanis have met U.S. standards?

Jeffrey T. Richelson, an intelligence historian, has written extensively about the possibility of a U.S. military operation aimed at Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, notably in his 2009 book “Defusing Armageddon.” The book focuses on the U.S. Nuclear Emergency Search Team (NEST), which might play leading a role in disarming Pakistani weapons along with elements of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). 

The nuts-and-bolts of how such an operation would work – such as whether teams would attempt to disarm or destroy the weapons – remain highly classified.

But Richelson notes that without referring to Pakistan by name, Gen. Peter Pace, then-chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,  in 2006 discussed two types of operations where  in which the U.S. military would seek to keep nuclear weapons out of the hands of al-Qaida or other militants. 

Detailed in a military policy document titled “National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction,” the two scenarios were: “elimination operations” – defined as “operations systematically to locate, characterize, secure, disable and/or destroy a State or non-State actor’s WMD programs and related capabilities” – and “interdiction operations” – finding and seizing nuclear devices or nuclear material it has been removed from a nation’s storage bunkers but not yet delivered to a terrorist group.

Richelson also obtained an unclassified PowerPoint presentation titled “Detecting, Identifying and Localizing WMD” by the Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict (SOLIC).  In it were slides referring to “clandestine or low-visibility special operations taken to: locate, seize, destroy, capture, recover or render safe WMD,” either on land or sea.  He said such a mission has been a special operations forces priority since 2002.

Neither the report nor the PowerPoint presentation specify where such operations would be considered, but Richelson says that both were prepared with Pakistan in mind.

“The focus on Pakistan,” he wrote, “is the result of its being both the least stable of the nine nuclear weapons states and the one where there has been significant support for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida, not only among the general population but also within the military and intelligence forces.”

Publicly, U.S. officials don’t want to embarrass or infuriate Pakistani officials by suggesting such an operation would be possible, a point brought home in a White House press conference on April 29, 2009.  After President Barack Obama spoke of the confidence he had in the Pakistani Army’s ability to secure the nuclear weapons, NBC News’ Chuck Todd began to ask if the U.S. military would step in and seize weapons that were at risk.

Obama quickly cut him off.  “I’m not going to engage in hypotheticals of that sort.  I feel confident that nuclear arsenal will remain out of militant hands, OK?”

'All nuclear matters are controlled by the army'
While the U.S. has a non-proliferation policy that aims for the elimination of Third World weaponry, it also has been working with Islamabad to minimize the current threat, sending an estimated $100 million to Pakistan since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks to improve the safety and security of the Pakistani nukes.

But Pakistan never permitted U.S. officials to visit the weapons bunkers or see how the U.S.-purchased equipment was working. In fact, Richelson writes, the Pakistanis have gone so far as to set up decoy bunkers to throw off anyone trying to keep track of the arsenal.

And physical security and protection from terrorists only addresses one aspect of the threat, Hoodboy said.

“Technology determines safety, but only partly,” he told NBC News. “Ultimately it depends upon the men who have control over nuclear weapons. … Governments come, governments go. But all nuclear matters are controlled by the army. The important question is whether the army has total, absolute control over its nukes. I have no idea whether this control is absolute, and doubt how anyone can know for sure.”

There are additional reasons to be concerned. In July 2009, for example, the journal of the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point reported that “home-grown terrorists” had tried to enter Pakistani nuclear facilities three times between 2007 and 2008, when Pakistan was wracked by rioting and a series of destructive suicide bombings.

Shaun Gregory, director of the Pakistan Security Research Center at the University of Bradford in England, wrote of the attacks.

“These have included an attack on the nuclear missile storage facility at Sarghoda on Nov. 1, 2007, an attack on Pakistan’s nuclear air base at Kamra by a suicide bomber on Dec. 10, 2007, and, perhaps most significantly, the Aug. 20, 2008, attack when Pakistani Taliban suicide bombers blew up several entry points to one of the armament complexes at the Wah cantonment, considered one of Pakistan’s main nuclear weapons assembly sites.”

Pakistani officials have played down the seriousness of such attacks, noting that the attackers were unable to enter what are large military bases, much less penetrate the inner defenses. 

Musharraf, who was president of Pakistan during the three reported attacks, dismissed the threat in talking with NBC News. Asked if terrorists were targeting Pakistan’s nuclear assets, he replied, “I don't think so.  I don't think they are trying actively to get to our nuclear assets.  And we have no such intelligence. Never.” 

His statement is, at best, a disingenuous and narrow reading of the intelligence, according to former senior U.S. intelligence officials, who like the others quoted in this article spoke on condition of anonymity. These officials point to an August 2001 campfire meeting between bin Laden and his successor, Ayman al Zawahiri, and two Pakistani nuclear scientists, part of a so-called Islamic charity called UTN, on the other. With planning for the 9/11 attacks nearly complete, the two al-Qaida leaders wanted a tutorial on nuclear weapons development, according to U.S. intelligence reports. 

Tenet's tense meeting
Then-CIA Director George Tenet, in fact, wrote in his memoir, “At the Center of the Storm,” of a tense discussion he had with Musharraf in Islamabad shortly after the U.S. found out about the meeting.

“After a few pleasantries … I launched into a description of the campfire meeting between (O)sama bin Laden, al-Zawahiri and the UTN leaders,” Tenet wrote. “‘Mr. President,’ I said, ‘you cannot imagine the outrage there would be in my country if it were learned that Pakistan is coddling scientists who are helping bin Laden acquire a nuclear weapon. Should such a device ever be used, the full fury of the American people would be focused on whoever helped al-Qaida in its cause.”

In a testimony before Congress four months ago, the CIA’s new director, Gen. David Petraeus, left little doubt the U.S. still fears the worst. “There are certainly elements in Pakistan, the Pakistani Taliban and several other varieties of elements who generally have symbiotic relationships, the most extreme of which might, indeed, value access to nuclear weapons or other weapons that could cause enormous loss of life,” said Petraeus, then commander of NATO and U.S. forces in Afghanistan.

Like others in the U.S. government, however, Petraeus felt duty bound to note, “There is considerable security for the Pakistani nuclear weapons.”  But he appeared to choose his words with care. “Considerable” does not mean “state of the art,” for example.

Not everyone thinks the U.S. is very worried about Pakistan’s nukes falling into the wrong hands. Zia Mian, a colleague of Hoodboy’s and director of the Project on Peace and Security in South Asia at Princeton, said war gaming and exercising for dire situations is something the Pentagon and CIA do all the time.

“The U.S. exercised global nuclear war. They’ve exercised attacking Iran. You’ve got to be ready,” Mian argues. “It suggests to me there are people whose job is to be worried. So when someone asks you, you say you’re worried. But when you’re reading the WikiLeaks disclosure, when you read embassy talking points, the nuclear weapons barely figure.”

Of course, the main question is if, in the last resort, the U.S. did attempt to “snatch” Pakistan’s weapons, would it work? Hoodboy thinks it’s unlikely to have the intended effect and could very well lead to one of two scenarios, both with potentially disastrous outcomes.

“An American attack on Pakistan's nuclear production or storage sites would be extremely dangerous and counterproductive,” he said. “By comparison the bin Laden operation involved only minor risks. Even if a single Pakistani nuke (out of roughly 100) escapes destruction, that last one could be unimaginably dangerous.” Hoodboy added that no seems to have thought through another scenario, one where there is confusion about who snatched the bomb. “The situation is more uncertain than even this. For one, it might trigger nuclear war with India, even if India was not involved in the snatch.”

Have a story tip? Click here to submit it to Open Channel editors